Harvard University

 

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Harvard University
Massachusetts Hall
Cambridge, MA 02138
General information
(617) 495-1000

Type of institution: Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above
Federal Aid: Institution has a Program Participation Agreement with the US Department of Education for eligible students to receive Pell Grants and other federal aid.
Degrees offered: Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificates, Associate degrees, Bachelor degrees, Certificates/Postbaccalaureate Certificates, Masters degrees, Doctor's degrees, First-Professional degrees
Carnegie classification: Research Universities (very high research activity)
Number of students: 25,690 (2007)
2009-2008 Undergraduate application fee:$ 65

Academic year prices for full-time, first-time undergraduate students
Tuition and Fees2009-20082008-20072007-2006
In-State$ 36,173$ 34,998$ 33,709
Out of State$ 36,173$ 34,998$ 33,709
Books and Supplies$ 1,000$ 1,000$ 1,000
On-Campus
Room and board$ 11,042$ 10,622$ 9,946
Other Expenses$ 2,035$ 1,930$ 1,795
Off Campus
Room and board$ 11,042$ 10,622$ 9,946
Other Expenses$ 2,035$ 1,930$ 1,795
Off Campus w/ family
Other Expenses$ 2,035$ 1,930$ 1,795

Financial aid 2006-2007

Financial aid to full-time, first-time undergraduate students

Type of AidPercentage of students receiving aidAverage amount of aid they received
Federal Grants (scholarship/fellowship) 24% $ 4,524
State/Local grants (scholarship/fellowship) 4% $ 2,321
Institutional grants (scholarship/fellowship) 52% $ 28,582
Loans to students 18% $ 3,898
 
End of file for Harvard University.

 

Degrees offered by Harvard University

 
Harvard University
Associate degree
Liberal Arts

The Associate in Arts (AA) and Bachelor of Liberal Arts (ALB) degree programs are designed for working adults who appreciate the intellectual rigor and professional value of a liberal arts degree. Our candidates learn to think critically, write well, and speak with authority on a range of topics from...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
African American Studies

African and African American Studies brings together scholars and scholarship from many disciplines to explore the histories, societies, economies, and cultures of African and African-descended people. The Department of African and African American Studies is not only interdisciplinary but also comparative...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
African Studies

African and African American Studies brings together scholars and scholarship from many disciplines to explore the histories, societies, economies, and cultures of African and African-descended people. The Department of African and African American Studies is not only interdisciplinary but also comparative...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Anthropology
Archaeology

Archaeological research involves attempting to discover aspects of human technological adaptation, social organization, and ideology through the analysis of material remains recovered from excavations at archaeological sites. This analysis may be peculiarly archaeological in nature - the classification...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Anthropology
Biological Anthropology

The Biological Anthropology program at Harvard takes a strongly comparative and evolutionary approach to understanding the evolution of humans and our closest primate relatives.

We teach and engage in field and laboratory research in human reproductive biology, primate and human behavioral ecology,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Anthropology
Social Anthropology

Social Anthropologists explore the social and cultural diversity of human experience, practice, and knowledge. This interest in diversity leads social anthropologists to study a wide range of phenomena, for example: gender and ethnicity; social suffering, violence and practices of healing; military culture;...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Applied Mathematics

"Math will rock your world." You might think the headline came from a marketing firm hoping to lure kids to do their homework.

In fact, the sentence appeared on the cover of BusinessWeek magazine. The "math" rocking the world is applied mathematics, an area of study that uses mathematics to understand...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Astronomy

Astronomy is the study of the universe and the various objects in it using the laws of Physics, for example:
Birth, evolution and death of stars - red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes
Properties of galaxies - Milky Way Galaxy - quasars
Origin and evolution of the universe - the Big...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Biological Sciences

Undergraduate teaching in the biological sciences at Harvard spans two departments: MCB and OEB (Organismic and Evolutionary Biology). Undergraduates with interests in these areas can choose one of two "fields of concentration" (Harvard's phrase for "major"): Biochemical Sciences or Biology. The department...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Biology

The Biology concentration is the joint responsibility of the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (OEB). Three curricular programs are offered within the Biology concentration: the Basic Biology, Honors Biology, and Honors Neurobiology options; Honors...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Biomedical Sciences and Engineering

Faculty and students in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering (also referred to as bioengineering) investigate problems in neuroengineering, biomaterials, biomechanics, and medical instrumentation.

Many courses emphasize lab work, such as exploring the properties of a frog muscle or using computers to...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Chemistry

The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology has excellent facilities: state-of-the-art laboratories, extensive instrumentation, a wonderful library, and well-maintained teaching facilities, all housed in a seven-building complex near Harvard Square in Cambridge.

The people here are the feature...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Classics

The Department of the Classics offers a variety of concentration options for those who wish to explore the heritage of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Classics Department encourages it's students to appreciate the whole range of classical civilization from the Bronze-Age to Byzantium and medieval Europe....

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Computer Science

The answers to today’s big questions — whether in engineering, physics, biology, or economics — inevitably have computation at their core.

Researchers and professionals increasingly need their own version of the search engine: a way to take a flood of information and organize and use...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Earth and Planetary Sciences

Harvard offers outstanding opportunities for students to pursue studies in the Earth and Planetary Sciences, a field of study that encompasses a broad range of science and technology. Understanding a complex natural system such as the Earth or another planet demands training in basic sciences and mathematics,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
East Asian Studies

East Asian Studies at Harvard is dedicated to the study of East Asia, both as a vital part of the world today and as one of the great civilizations of human history. To study East Asia is to be exposed to a world with different forms of political activity and social relations, religious traditions of...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Economics

Harvard's Economics department is one of the best in the world. In research and real-world experience, the faculty is unsurpassed. The large number of professors and their diverse interests enable a student to study virtually any area of economics. The extraordinary quality of Harvard undergraduates...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Over the past several decades, electrical engineering, together with materials science and physics, has ushered in a host of technical breakthroughs. Advances in storage, display, and microprocessors have provided the foundations for modern computing and imaging systems.

Undergraduates can learn the...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Engineering Physics

Staring in the fall of 2005, a new option in Engineering Physics will be available to Harvard students enrolled in the A.B. degree program in Engineering Sciences. Simultaneously, the Physics Department has created a new Applied Physics option within the Physics degree program.

The area allows students...

Harvard University
Bachelor Degree
Engineering Science

Recognizing the pivotal role of technology in our society, Harvard is committed to broadly educating engineers to become leaders in an expanding economy based increasingly upon advances in science and technology.

Most important, the programs cater to renaissance engineers - encouraging students to pursue...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
English

In the English concentration students receive individual guidance from faculty members. Every year English concentrators win prestigious University-wide prizes for their critical and creative theses. Past thesis titles have included "The Contender: A Novel," "Seamus Heaney's Poetry of Identification,"...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Environmental Science and Public Policy

The concentration in Environmental Science and Public Policy is designed to provide a multi-disciplinary introduction to current problems of the environment. It is founded on the premise that the ability to form rational judgments concerning many of the complex challenges confronting society today involving...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Environmental Sciences and Engineering

The Division offers a unique experience in undergraduate education in Environmental Sciences and Engineering for students interested in pursuing concentrations or taking electives in this area.

Rigorous training is offered in computer modeling and mathematical, chemical, and biological analysis of...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Folklore and Mythology

The concentration in Folklore and Mythology is a liberal education in itself, and although most graduates of the program go on to successful careers in medicine, law, business, journalism, and other pursuits, an unusually large number of our alumni and alumnae teach and conduct research in a variety...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
French and Francophone

The concentration in French and Francophone Studies offers a combined emphasis on French language literature and culture, including influential recent work in various fields of the humanities and social sciences. The concentration in French and Francophone Literature, while similarly broad in scope,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Germanic Language and Literature

The Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures seeks to offer a rich and diverse program of literary and cultural studies. The major aim of the concentration program is to provide students with the enriching exprerience of studying a language literature, and culture markedly different from their...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Government

The Department of Government is one of the leading political science communities in the United States. Our faculty represent a broad spectrum of backgrounds, methodologies and approaches. We have strength in teaching and research not only in the four fields of political science—American politics,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Hispanic Literature

The concentration in Hispanic Literature offers students the opportunity to explore the many riches of both Spanish and Latin American literature, art, film, and the history and politics of cultural production. The concentration in Hispanic Studies combines an interest in literature with additional...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
History

History is the study of the past. It encompasses every dimension of human interaction-social life, the economy, culture, thought and politics. Students of history study individuals, groups, communities, and nations and they study them from every imaginable perspective using all the techniques of the...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
History and Literature

History and Literature is one of Harvard's most individual and challenging concentrations. It is also the oldest. Founded in 1906 as an alternative to President Eliot's pleasantly anarchic "free elective system," it predated by thirteen years the establishment of a College-wide concentration system....

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
History of Art and Architecture

Students select one of the following categories as an area of focus.

African
Medieval
Byzantine
Chinese
Renaissance
Japanese
Baroque and Rococo
Indian
Modern and Contemporary
Islamic
Architectural History and Theory
Ancient
Latin American/Pre-Columbian

Distribution Requirements: Two half-courses...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
History of Science

History and Science is an interdisciplinary undergraduate honors concentration. The purpose of the program is to expand one's understanding of the scientific endeavor: to explore in some detail how the past has shaped the construction of science and how science, in turn, has shaped other human activities....

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Italian

The concetration in Italian Literature or Italian Studies provides students with a sound proficiency in the language and a knowledge of the major periods and authors of the Italian literary tradition, from Dante and the Trecento through the Renaissance to the present, including theater, film, and the...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Latin American Studies

Latin American Studies is intended for students who wish to focus mainly on Latin America and it's diverse cultural traditions, which include not only knowledge of Spanish and Portuguese, but also the important place of indigenous cultures, Brazil, and the Caribbean area.

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Linguistics

Linguistics, the scientific study of language, is perhaps the ultimate interdisciplinary enterprise, cutting across the humanities, social sciences, cognitive sciences, physical sciences, and biological sciences. Since it is not taught in high school, most undergraduates, including many future Linguistics...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Literature

The Committee on Degrees in Literature is designed to meet the needs of students interested in the study of literature, literary and cultural theory, and other forms of representation in more than one culture or language. The concentration offers these students an individually tailored but carefully...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Mathematics

Concentration in mathematics is an excellent preparation for a career in either pure or applied mathematics, in academia or in industry. Because physics, chemistry, computer science, economics, and even social sciences rely heavily on mathematical methods, a math concentration can provide an invaluable...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Mechanical and Materials Sciences and Engineering

In addition to basic courses on the mechanical and thermal properties of solids and fluids, Mechanical Engineering encompasses a range of narrower topics: computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), robotics, and manufacturing.

Undergraduates participate actively in hands-on...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Music

Concentration in Music emphasizes the acquisition of a solid foundation in the theory, analysis, history, and literature of music. It thereby provides an understanding of music in cultural and historical contexts as well as an introduction to composition, analysis, and criticism. The Department of Music...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations

The concentration in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations introduces students to the peoples, languages, cultures and societies of the Near and Middle East. Beyond the development of skills in one (or more) of the languages of the region and participation in the department's one-semester sophomore...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Philosophy

Philosophy is about truth and questions of how we are to think; it is directed to the world and to what we do, and to what we could or should do, and be, as well. Questions of this sort are perennial: Philosophical monographs are among the oldest texts known to scholars. Moreover, much progress has been...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Physics

The Harvard Physics Department has a large and very active undergraduate program, graduating 50-60 majors (concentrators) a year (including those in the Chemistry and Physics concentration, also administered by the department). The hallmark of the undergraduate program is flexibility, as 40-50 percent...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Portuguese-Brazilian Studies

The concentration in Portuguese-Brazilian Studies/Literatures allows students to develope a thorough acquaintance with both the Portuguese language and the Portuguese-Brazilian literary tradition. Students are encouraged to take courses outside the department treating diverse historical, economic, or...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Psychology

The psychology concentration offers a variety of programs options that reflect the diversity of interests our students have in psychology and related areas. Among these options are our honors (thesis) program, mind/brain/behavior tracks, the new Social and Cognitive Neurosciences Track, joint concentrations,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Religion

The study of religion is an academic discipline that borrows social scientific and humanistic methods in order to interpret religious phenomena worldwide. Scholars of religion use a range of tools—historical methods to think about how religions change over time; comparative methods to analyze rituals...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Romance Studies

The concentration in Romance Studies allows students to study three Romance languages and literatures. Cross-cultural in focus, the concentration acknowledges the commonalities and differences of the Romance traditions and fosters serious study of the interrelationships of the Romance languages.

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Sanskrit and Indian Studies

A concentration in the Dept of Sanskrit and Indian Studies provides students with the opportunity to study the languages, literatures and civilizations of South Asia and related cultures. Students develop a competence in Sanskrit or Urdu-Hindi or another South Asian language approved by the Department...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Slavic Languages and Literatures

Concentration in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures offers an opportunity to develop proficiency in the Russian language and to apply that skill in one of two concentration options to the study of Russian culture and the crucial role it has played in the modern world. The department welcomes...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Social Studies

Social Studies is a very special undergraduate concentration in Harvard College. For four decades it has brought together outstanding teachers and intellectually engaged students who shared not only the fascination with social science research and theory but also the concerns about pressing social, political,...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Sociology

The undergraduate program in sociology provides students with theoretical and methodological tools and substantive insights which can assist them in understanding social life, social organization, and action. The program is designed to provide all concentrators with a broad intellectual and sociological...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Special Concentrations

Special Concentrations exists for the student who wishes to meet special educational objectives that cannot be fulfilled within the confines of a regular department. The option for petitioning for a Special Concentration was established for the student whose academic interests cross departmental lines....

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Statistics

Statistical modeling and analysis, including the collection and interpretation of data, form an essential part of the scientific method in diverse fields, including social, biological, and physical sciences. Statistical theory is primarily based on the mathematical theory of probability, and covers a...

Harvard University
Bachelor degree
Women's Studies

Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality (WGS) is an interdisciplinary honors concentration that encourages students to develop a focus on either gender or sexuality while working to explore the connections between these areas of study. In recognition of the program's institutional roots in the women's...

Harvard University
Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificate
Applied Sciences

The Certificate in Applied Sciences (CAS) is designed for students with modest academic backgrounds in science or mathematics who need formal training in computer and information technology to further their career goals. The program includes basic courses in computer science, mathematics, and physics,...

Harvard University
Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificate
Educational Technologies

The Certificate in Educational Technologies (CET) is designed for professionals who wish to improve their capacity to develop and implement innovative teaching and learning with technology. The CET combines courses in educational leadership, learning theory and practice, professional development, and...

Harvard University
Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificate
Environmental Management

The Certificate in Environmental Management (CEM) is intended for professionals who work in local, state, and federal agencies, nongovernmental environmental groups, industry, and consulting. The program introduces students to local, national, and world environmental problems while providing a repertoire...

Harvard University
Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificate
Management

The Certificate in Management (CM) is ideal for students who wish to improve their skills through formal academic training in management. Since classes often rely on case studies based on actual business scenarios, it is strongly recommended that students have some experience in a business setting before...

Harvard University
Certificates/Less-than-1-year Certificate
Publishing and Communications

The Certificate in Publishing and Communications (CPC) is a good match for students who wish to gain technical and professional training for careers in publishing and media production. The CPC Program is appropriate for students with strong writing skills who wish to develop their skills further through...

Harvard University
Certificates/Postbaccalaureate Certificate
Health Policy

Students eligible for the Certificate must complete sufficient coursework and a senior thesis or equivalent in health policy. The goal of the Certificate is to recognize a coherent body of work by students with an interest in the field. At the heart of the Certificate Program are courses that illuminate...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Accounting and Control

The doctoral program in Accounting and Control, at a very fundamental level, focuses on understanding the role of information and measurement systems for:

-Allocating resources among firms in the economy, and between departments or divisions of individual firms.
-Rewarding and monitoring the performance...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
African American Studies

The Department of African and African American Studies offers a graduate program in the field of African American studies. The aim of this program is to combine an interdisciplinary training in African American cultural and social studies with a focus in a major disciplinary field, leading to the Ph.D....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Ancient History

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Anthropology and Middle Eastern Studies

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was established in 1954 for the purpose of supporting research and teaching in the languages, literatures, history, governments, economics, and cultures of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, with the emphasis on the modern period. At...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Anthropology
Archaeology

The principal objectives of the graduate program in archaeology are to provide:
1. Informed, critical examinations of core issues in archaeology
2. Comprehensive training in principal methods and theories of anthropologically oriented archaeology
3. Direction and support for Ph.D. candidates preparing...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Anthropology
Biological Anthropology

The objective of the graduate program in biological anthropology is to provide PhD candidates with comprehensive training in biological anthropology, within the broader fields of anthropology and evolutionary biology.

The Harvard biological anthropology program takes a strongly evolutionary and comparative...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Anthropology
Social Anthropology

The field of social/cultural anthropology is changing rapidly in response to economic and political developments in the post-Cold War world. Harvard's Social Anthropology Wing is now focusing on issues of globalism, ethnic violence, gender studies, "new" nationalisms, diaspora ormation, transnationalism...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Applied Mathematics

Applied mathematics focuses on the creation and study of mathematical and computational tools broadly applicable in science and engineering, and on their use in solving challenging problems in these and related fields.

From ecological modeling to electromagnetic theory, from robotics to meteorology,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Applied Physics

The frontier of high-energy physics is "the even smaller" and that of astrophysics is "the ever larger." Applied Physics, of which the study of condensed matter is a large part, has its own frontier, "the ever more complex," covering the interfaces of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. The...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Architecture

The Department of Architecture is rich in diversity, creativity, and scholarship. With an international faculty prominent across the breadth of the field, students are exposed to many different approaches to design. Critics and theorists from around the world supplement the faculty, and together, they...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Astronomy

The Department of Astronomy offers a rich and varied program of theoretical, observational and experimental graduate work leading to the PhD in astronomy. Students are not accepted for a separate master's degree program. Research is carried out at the Harvard College Observatory, which shares buildings...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Bioengineering

The application of engineering principles and techniques to address problems in biology and medicine has resulted in a number of important contributions to healthcare and scientific discovery.

Work in this area includes understanding aspects of biological function at various levels (examples include...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Biological and Biomedical Sciences

BBS is an interdepartmental program within the Division of Medical Sciences at Harvard Medical School. Through the Division of Medical Sciences, BBS recommends its candidates to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University for the Ph.D. degree.

BBS faculty is primarily drawn from 5 preclinical...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine

HSDM offers an interdisciplinary Ph.D. program entitled Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine (BSDM). This program was approved by the Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 2001, and is the sole Ph.D. program offered by Harvard School of Dental Medicine.

The biological processes underlying...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Biological Sciences in Public Health

The Program in Biological Sciences in Public Health (BPH) was established at Harvard University in 1993. The program trains a cadre of leaders who, while possessing expertise in the individual fields of biological research, also possess a broad interdisciplinary knowledge of epidemiology and biostatistics....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Biophysics

Initiated in 1959 by Arthur K. Solomon, the Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics at Harvard University has a long history of important research achievements. Over 60 faculty members from departments including Physics, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Engineering Sciences,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Biostatistics

A central philosophy behind our program is the importance of combining solid training in statistical theory and methods with exposure to important applications in public health, the biological sciences, and medicine. We try to institute this philosophy in all of our courses as well as in the research...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Business Administration
Marketing

The DBA program in Marketing draws on a variety of underlying disciplines to research important marketing management problems centered around the immediate and future needs and wants of customers. Groups of HBS faculty pursuing research in this field, and currently welcoming collaboration with doctoral...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Business Administration
Policy and Management

The DBA program in Policy and Management focuses on the roles and functions of general management in four settings:

entrepreneurial
related business
service business
diversified multinational enterprise

All students develop discipline-based expertise in at least two of these four types of enterprise...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Business Administration
Strategy

The new DBA program in Strategy encourages students to pursue multi-disciplinary research that utilizes multiple methodologies—quantitative, as well as qualitative—to study how companies and industries around the world develop and sustain competitive advantage.

Faculty affiliated with the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Business Administration
Technology and Operations Management

A Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) in Technology and Operations Management concerns itself with a broad range of issues in manufacturing and service operations, including:

-management of new product and process development and technological innovation
-operations management and strategy ...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Business Economics

A joint degree offered by HBS and the Department of Economics in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the PhD in Business Economics combines economic analysis with the practical aspects of business. This degree is primarily intended to prepare students for careers in research and teaching in business administration...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Byzantine Greek

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Celtic Languages and Literatures

The Department of Celtic Languages and Literatures offers advanced instruction and training in the languages and literatures of the Celtic-speaking peoples and administers programs leading to the PhD in Celtic Languages and Literatures. In this respect, it is unique in the United States.

PhD programs...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Chemical Biology

The goal of the Chemical Biology Program is biological discovery, and its approach is the seamless integration of principles and experimental techniques drawn from both chemistry and biology. The focus of chemical biology is on biology, which distinguishes it from traditional chemistry, and it uses chemical...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Chemical Physics

The degree of doctor of philosophy in chemical physics was established to meet the needs of students wishing to prepare themselves for the study of chemical problems by the methods and theories of modern physics.

The Committee on the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Physics is composed of...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Chemistry

The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology offers a program of study leading to the degree of doctor of philosophy in chemistry, in the special fields of biological, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. An interdepartmental PhD program in chemical physics is also available.

The entering...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Classical Archaeology

The field of Classical Archaeology is understood to cover Aegean, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman art and archaeology. Faculty will also arrange work on a cross-departmental basis in related fields such as Egyptian, Near Eastern, Anatolian, Punic, Byzantine, and other areas of European art and archaeology. ...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Classical Philology

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Classical Philosophy

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Comparative Literature

The Department of Comparative Literature undertakes to promote and facilitate studies in the history, theory, and criticism of literature extending beyond the limits set by national and linguistic boundaries. The work of the department is designed to provide for the needs of students who wish to pursue...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Computer Science

Computation has become a critical bridge for the sciences. While the need for developing fundamental technologies remains, a new challenge for the next century is weaving technology into the fabric of society in helpful ways. The internet, for example, has improved everyday life, but it has also introduced...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Design

The Doctor of Design (DDes) is a doctoral program that focuses on applied research and emphasizes the advancement of knowledge within the disciplines of design and related fields. The DDes is intended for persons who wish to enhance a higher teaching and as also to pursue advanced professional careers. ...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Earth and Planetary Sciences

Harvard University Doctor's degree Earth and Planetary Sciences: Understanding our planet will be a fundamental challenge for the scientific community over the next century. Almost every practical aspect of society (population, environment, economics, politics) is and will be increasingly impacted...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
East Asian Languages and Civilizations

The departments in which the study of East Asia is pursued include Anthropology, East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Economics, History of Art and Architecture, Government, History, Linguistics, Music, and Sociology. Instruction is also given under the Faculty Committees on the Core Curriculum, the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Economics

The graduate program of the Department of Economics is addressed to students of high promise who wish to prepare themselves in teaching and research or for responsible positions in government, research organizations, or business enterprises. Admission to the program is limited to candidates for the PhD....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Culture, Communities, and Education

Culture, Communities, and Education highlights a range of increasingly complex issues—from shifts in cultural practices and racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity to the implications of these shifts for human or social development and education. Central to the concentration is research on the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Education Policy, Leadership, and Instructional Practice

Education Policy, Leadership, and Instructional Practice focuses on learning among children, adolescents, and adults and its connections to the organizations, institutions, and policy settings in which it occurs.This concentration focuses on the role that leaders, broadly defined, play in constructing,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Higher Education

Higher Education prepares students who wish to better understand and influence the course of American higher education. Examining historical and contemporary issues in higher education, the curriculum focuses on leadership, administration, and governance; policymaking and decision making; planning and...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Human Development and Education

Human Development and Education focuses on development throughout the life span, from infancy through adulthood. Special consideration is given to how issues of cognitive, social and emotional development intersect with community and cultural contexts. The strengths of faculty and students include the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Quantitative Policy Analysis in Education

Quantitative Policy Analysis in Education integrates three strands of coursework — rigorous training in quantitative research methods, focused disciplinary study, and substantive study of educational institutions and policies—with a minimum of one intensive research apprenticeship.The combination...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Education
Urban Superintendents Program

Urban Superintendents Program is a concentration for people who wish to transform education by becoming superintendents of urban school systems. USP is a rigorous course of study designed for professionals who have worked in metropolitan school districts as teacher-leaders, school principals, or central...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering (EE) covers a range of research areas from devices to systems. The emphasis on practice infused with fundamental science and mathematics offers ample research opportunities, both theoretical and experimental, at the forefront of the field and its interdisciplinary applications....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Engineering and Physical Biology

A new interdisciplinary and interdepartmental Ph.D. program; biological phenomena are viewed through the lens of the basic principles of physics and engineering. Questions of interest fall into three general categories:

Mechanics and Dynamics
Patterns and Collective Phenomena
Transport, Signaling,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
English and American Literature and Language

The program normally takes five or six years to complete. The first two years are devoted to course work and to preparation for the PhD Qualifying Exam (the "General" exam). The third through fifth years are devoted to teaching, preparation for the Dissertation Qualifying Exam (the "Field" exam), and...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Environmental Health
Physiology

The physiology concentration addresses the intersection between basic pulmonary sciences and environmental exposures, often in the context of global public health. Faculty members in the concentration focus on three main problems: air pollution, lung infection, and asthma. The theme of pulmonary inflammation...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Environmental Science and Engineering

Over the next several decades, virtually every society in the world will confront environmental challenges. According to the world’s leading ecologist, Harvard's E. O. Wilson, this is the "century of the environment," as we are forced to tackle issues ranging from regional air and water pollution...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Epidemiology

Epidemiology, the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in humans, is a fundamental science of public health. Epidemiologists use many approaches, but the ultimate aim of epidemiologic research is the prevention or effective control of human disease.

The doctoral programs...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
French and Francophone

After the first two years of graduate study, students receive practical training in teaching both language and literature courses.

The Romance languages and literatures faculty is committed to interdisciplinary work, including history, philosophy, psychoanalysis, film studies, gender studies, literary...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Germanic Language and Literature

Study for higher degrees in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures (this designation was instituted in 1897) is intended as preparation for a career in teaching and research. The emphasis is on literature and cultural studies rather than on the language itself. However, Germanic philology...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Government

The Department of Government is one of the leading political science communities in the United States. Our faculty represent a broad spectrum of backgrounds, methodologies and approaches. We have strength in teaching and research not only in the four fields of political science—American politics,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Government and Social Policy

The PhD in Government and Social Policy program is a joint degree that provides students a thorough grounding in one of these two traditional disciplines and then move them into a series of inter-disciplinary seminars on social policy based at the Kennedy School of Government (KSG). Students submit applications...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health and Social Behavior

The doctoral program trains students as scholars and researchers who will identify new social and behavioral risks, work in health and social policy, and test innovative social interventions; or as practitioners who will design, implement, and evaluate health-enhancing interventions or public policies....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Decision Sciences

Decision Sciences are the collection of quantitative techniques that are used for decision making at the individual and collective level. They include decision analysis, risk analysis, cost-benefit and cost-effective anaysis, decision modeling and behavioral decision theory, as well as parts of operations...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Economics

The concentration in economics focuses on the economic behavior of individuals; providers; insurers; and federal state and local governments and actors as their actions affect health and medical care. In addition to examing the literature on health economics, the training emphasizes microeconomic theory,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Ethics

The ethics concentration integrates quantitative, qualitative, and normative approaches to the ananlysis of ethical issues in health policy and clinical practise. Increasingly, the investigation of ethical issues in medicine and healthy policy has not only drawn on normative ethics and political philosophy,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Evaluative Sciences and Statistics

The concentration in evaluative sciences includes statistices and probability, and quantitative methods in biometry, economics, epidemiology, psycology, and sociology. This training enables students to design experiments and surveys, to perform outcome assesment studies, to develope statistical models...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Management

The management concentration prepares students to do research on the organizational, managerial, and strategic issues facing health care providers, payers, and other players in the health care market. Students in this track will learn how theories and concepts from fields such as technology and operations...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Medical Sociology

In the medical sociology track students will learn about several research areas including the study of professions and professional behavior, the structure of health care organization and systems, the impact of organizational and professional change on the structure of medical work, organizational improvement...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Health Policy
Political Analysis

This concentration is intended for students who wish to conduct research on the relationship between political decision making and health policy. In an effort to make meaningful contributions to health policy domestically and abroad, students will gain relevant skill sets to analye the effects of presidential...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Hispanic Literatures

The Ph.D. Program in Hispanic Literatures draws on the talents of a diverse faculty whose research interests span Spain and the Americas, from Medieval and colonial multiculturalism to postmodern currents. Our specialties include Renaissance humanism, the transatlantic Baroque, nineteenth-century nation...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History

The History Department considers candidates only for the PhD degree. Strong preference will be given to applicants who are adequately prepared to meet the language requirements for the doctorate.
A complete admissions application consists of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) admissions...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History and East Asian Languages

The Committee on the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History and East Asian Languages, a standing committee of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences with membership from the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations and the Department of History, was established in October 1941 to administer...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History and Middle Eastern Studies

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was established in 1954 for the purpose of supporting research and teaching in the languages, literatures, history, governments, economics, and cultures of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, with the emphasis on the modern period. At...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History of American Civilization

The doctoral program in the History of American Civilization at Harvard University was established in 1937. Its purpose is to provide its students with a broad but disciplined understanding of the history of American life. The work of the students is conducted under the direct guidance of a committee...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History of Art and Architecture

The doctoral program in History of Art and Architecture, as outlined in this schedule, should require approximately six to seven years to complete and is divided into four stages: course work, Qualifying Paper, General Examination, and dissertation. Ordinarily three to four years are spent in residence...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History of Art and Architecture and Middle Eastern Studies

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was established in 1954 for the purpose of supporting research and teaching in the languages, literatures, history, governments, economics, and cultures of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, with the emphasis on the modern period. At...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
History of Science

In the history of science program the methods of historical research are employed to explore the genesis and evolution of the sciences and to analyze the growth of science as part of the intellectual and social experience of humankind. Science is its subject and history its method. To pursue advanced...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Immunology

The Program in Immunology, administered through the Division of Medical Sciences at Harvard Medical School, is one of the four offered interdisciplinary programs leading to the Ph.D. degree in medical sciences through the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University. The program, based...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Information
Technology and Management

Advances in technology are profoundly changing models of conducting business. Conversely, business-related challenges and opportunities represent some of the major factors shaping the development of technology and information management. Throughout the intersecting territories of business and technology...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Inner Asian and Altaic Studies

Inner Asian and Altaic Studies deal with the history and cultures of the peoples in the steppe, mountain, forest, and oasis areas between China, Russia, western Iran, and Pakistan. This geographic area comprises Central Asia (namely former Soviet Central Asia, Xinjiang, eastern Iran, and Afghanistan),...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Italian

The program leading to the A.M. and Ph.D. in Italian is administered by three full-time teachers of literature, from Middle Ages and Dante to Pirandello, Italian cinema and women writers, and by one full-time specialist in the professional formation of students as teachers of language and civilization. ...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Juridical Science

Harvard Law School admits approximately 12 to 15 applicants to S.J.D. candidacy each year. Students who have not received an LL.M. degree from Harvard or another leading U.S. law school are virtually never admitted to S.J.D. candidacy. Students who have received an LL.M. degree from another leading U.S....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Landscape Architecture

Students may study for a PhD degree in architecture, landscape architecture, or urban planning. These three degrees are administered by a committee of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in cooperation with the Faculty of Design.

The program is intended for persons who wish to enter teaching and advanced...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Linguistics

The department is home to one of the oldest and most distinguished linguistics programs in the United States. The study of linguistics at Harvard draws much of its strength from the unique range and depth of the University's offerings in related fields, especially ancient and modern languages.


...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Mathematics

The graduate mathematics program at Harvard is designed for students who hope to become research mathematicians and show definite promise in this direction. Once the student has demonstrated a command of basic mathematical concepts by passing the qualifying examination, the emphasis is on getting to...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering research ranges from fundamental work in solid and fluid mechanics to diverse studies in materials, mechanical systems, and biomechanics.

A key areas of investigation includes investigating the mechanics of materials, structures, and geophysical and biological systems involved...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Medical Sciences
Oral Biology

The goal of this program is to develop clinical scholars in Oral Biology and to prepare individuals for careers as independent investigators in translational and clinical research related to problems in oral health. The program is geared to individuals with dental degrees who are preparing for full-time...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Medieval Latin

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Modern Greek

The Department has been at the forefront of graduate education in Classics for well over a century. It offers a variety of approaches, emphasizing a wide range of knowledge and skills rather than a narrow early specialization. Traditionally, the Ph.D. in Classical Philology has been the degree taken...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Molecular and Cellular Biology

The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) provides students with a sophisticated and rigorous program in a multidisciplinary environment, enabling students to become independent, creative, and productive researchers.

After admission to the PhD Program in the Department of Molecular and...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Music
Composition

Harvard's program in composition is designed to give students the time and opportunity to develop as composers by offering general musical guidance as well as specific individual criticism of their works. The program is centered around students' achieving clarity of expression through developing their...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Music
Musicology

At Harvard, musicology is broadly defined as the disciplined study of music and includes the historical, comparative, and systematic aspects of the field. The program incorporates two tracks: historical musicology, with an emphasis on the history, theory, and literature of Western music in its contexts,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Music
Theory

The theory program is designed for students who have a strong background in either composition or musicology and demonstrate a high potential for theoretical work. Besides submitting work to demonstrate their admissibility in theory, applicants must explicitly indicate either composition or musicology...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Akkadian and Sumerian Studies

Students in this field focus on Akkadian and/or Sumerian languages, literature, and history. Applicants are normally expected to have studied at least one Semitic language at the time of application. Course work is aimed at providing a solid linguistic and historical basis for advanced study of ancient...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Arabic and Islamic Studies

Arabic and Islamic studies emphasize the "classical" medieval period and attempt to give an integral view of Islamic culture in premodern times. Within this general framework the student will normally focus on one of the following fields: Arabic language and literature, Islamic religion, intellectual...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Archaeology of the Levant

Students will study the archaeology of the Levant from earliest times through late antiquity. Emphasis will focus on the material culture of various periods and the applicability of archaeological evidence to the reconstruction of the history of the ancient Near East. Students will be expected to become...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Armenian Studies

Armenian can be pursued as an independent field, though it is generally recommended that specialists also acquire competence in another subject as well, such as Iranian Studies, Indo-European Linguistics, Comparative Religion, Art History, or Islamic (especially Turkic) Studies. The offerings in the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

The program of study in the Hebrew Bible is itself subdivided into different specializations, in recognition of the fact that students generally wish to define their interest in Bible in terms of various related disciplines and fields. Students are thus asked to choose among the following paths of specialization:...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Indo-Muslim Culture

Indo-Muslim study deals with the culture and literature of the Muslims in the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent and offers courses in Urdu, Sindhi, Gujarati, the history of Islam in the subcontinent, Islamic literatures of Indo-Pakistan, and readings of Arabic and Persian texts concerning the area, as well...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Iranian and Persian Studies

The Persian program covers New Persian language and literature and Islamic studies. For entry into this program, some undergraduate work in Arabic and in the history and culture of the Islamic world are recommended. The Iranian program primarily covers the pre-Islamic Iranian languages and literatures...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Jewish Studies

The program in Jewish studies focuses on the history and literature of the Jewish people from late antiquity to modern times. While students generally choose to focus their interests chronologically, with the bulk of recent graduates having specialized in medieval, early modern, and modern periods, the...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Semitic Philology

A candidate in this field studies the comparative and historical grammar of the Semitic languages. Prerequisites for admission to the program are competence in one Semitic language and some training in either linguistics or another Semitic language. Course work is aimed at bringing the student's knowledge...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Turkish Studies

The program of study in Turkology is subdivided into four main fields: 1) Comparative Turkology — Old Turkic, Ottoman, and three of the new Turkic languages, including Chagatai (Mongolian may also be considered). 2) Central Asian philology — Old Turkic, Old Uighur, Sogdian and/or Sanskrit....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Yiddish Language and Literature

The program in Yiddish specializes in modern Yiddish literature and cultural history, with additional offerings in literature of the premodern period. Reading knowledge of Hebrew as well as Yiddish is normally a prerequisite for admission. Through a rotating series of courses, students will be exposed...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Neuroscience

The Program in Neuroscience, administered through the Division of Medical Sciences, is one of the five offered interdisciplinary programs leading to the Ph.D. degree in Medical Sciences through the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University.

The Program in Neuroscience is an interdepartmental...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Nutrition

The Department of Nutrition provides training and research opportunities in basic science relating to nutrition and in epidemiologic aspects of nutrition as they affect public health. Nutrition policy and the evaluation of nutritional interventions are long-standing interests of the department, particularly...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Organismic and Evolutionary Biology

Members of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology share a primary commitment to train scientists pursuing a greater understanding of the evolution of the earth's life processes. More than ever before, human activity places species and ecosystems at risk.


The need for research addressing...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Organizational Behavior

The PhD in Organizational Behavior trains scholars who are able to draw on the concepts and methods of psychology and sociology in conducting research on behavior and management within complex organizations. Students and faculty give special attention to studies that bridge the gap between research and...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Philosophy

The department offers a program covering a wide range of fields in systematic philosophy and the history of philosophy. Among the special strengths of the department are moral and political philosophy, aesthetics, epistemology, philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, the history of analytic philosophy,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Physics

Graduate education in physics at Harvard offers students a variety of opportunities extending over a diverse range of subjects and departments. The interdisciplinary nature of graduate research is reflected in the dissertation topics of doctoral candidates, and the fact that in many cases faculty members...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Political Economy and Government

The PhD Program in Political Economy and Government is intended for scholars interested in academic or policymaking careers requiring advanced knowledge of both economics and political science. It is appropriate for students whose academic interests are not fully served by doctoral studies in economics...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Population and International Health
Economics

The doctoral programs are designed to prepare students both for professional leadership positions in the public or private sectors of public health and for academic careers in universities or research institutions. Recent graduates have taken positions with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Population and International Health
Health Systems

The doctoral programs are designed to prepare students both for professional leadership positions in the public or private sectors of public health and for academic careers in universities or research institutions. Recent graduates have taken positions with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Population and International Health
Population and Reproductive Health

The doctoral programs are designed to prepare students both for professional leadership positions in the public or private sectors of public health and for academic careers in universities or research institutions. Recent graduates have taken positions with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Portuguese and Brazilian Literatures

The Ph.D. program in Portuguese and Brazilian Literatures embraces all periods and genres of the literatures of Portugal and Brazil. It allows students to develop a broad knowledge of these countries' literary traditions, situating and comparing them with Hispanic literatures in general. Graduate students...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Psychology

The Department is organized into Research and Training Groups(RTG’s) and Programs. These groups consist of faculty members whose combined interests span a coherent program of advanced study and research in some subfield of psychology. Individual faculty are encouraged to participate in more than...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Public Health
Society, Human Development, and Health

The doctoral program provides a common core education addressing issues of society, human development, and health at the same time as developing expertise in one of the four previously described areas (health and social policy, human development, planned social change, and the social determinants of...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Public Policy

The PhD in Public Policy provides advanced graduate training to exceptional scholars preparing for responsible positions in government, academic institutions, and research organizations.

Participants in the program explore the questions of what government should do and how better governance can be...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Sanskrit and Indian Studies

The Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies offers programs leading to the degree of doctor of philosophy and, exceptionally, master of arts. The focus of the programs is the textual study of Sanskrit and/or Tibetan literature and the respective cultural contexts. Students are normally admitted to...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Slavic Languages and Literatures

The Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures includes among its aims the training of graduate students in the linguistics and literature of the Slavic peoples. Doctoral candidates specialize either in linguistics or in literature, but are required to have some knowledge of the other field. The...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Social Psychology

This program, leading to the PhD in social psychology, is designed to offer broad and eclectic training in the field. It recognizes the value of a wide range of methodological and conceptual orientations, of research addressed to theory building as well as to the solution of social problems, and of interactions...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Sociology

The aim of the Graduate Program in Sociology is to prepare students for scholarly and applied research and for teaching in sociology. The program combines an emphasis on competence in social theory and research methods with opportunities for the development of each student's own interest. Doctoral candidates...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Sociology and Social Policy

The PhD in Sociology and Social Policy program is a joint degree that provides students a thorough grounding in one of these two traditional disciplines and then move them into a series of inter-disciplinary seminars on social policy based at the Kennedy School of Government (KSG). Students submit applications...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Statistics

The department encourages applications from students with strong mathematical backgrounds who plan to concentrate on theoretical statistics, students with training in substantive fields whose primary interest is in applied statistics, and students whose backgrounds and interests lie between these two...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Study of Religion

This degree involves both general and specialized work in the study of religion. At the most general level, every candidate undertakes to develop a synoptic historical understanding of human religiousness at large and a firm grounding in the theories and methodologies in the field of the study of religion....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Systems Biology

Harvard University Doctor's degree Systems Biology: We are delighted to announce the Harvard Ph.D. program in Systems Biology. We aim to recruit students from a variety of different backgrounds, who will work together to forge a new approach to biology that combines theoretical and experimental approaches....

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Theology

The Doctor of Theology program (ThD) emphasizes the study of the institutions, languages, and religious literatures that have shaped the Jewish, Christian, and Western humanistic traditions in their histories and in their encounters with other cultures and religions, past and present. This study is conducted...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Urban Planning

Students may study for a PhD degree in architecture, landscape architecture, or urban planning. These three degrees are administered by a committee of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in cooperation with the Faculty of Design.


The program is intended for persons who wish to enter teaching and advanced...

Harvard University
Doctor's degree
Virology

It is an exciting time to study virology! New viruses, such as the sudden acute respiratory syndrome or SARS virus, are emerging around the world, the AIDS epidemic continues to sweep across sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, and new influenza reassortants between avian and human viruses threaten...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Architecture I

Harvard University First-Professional degree Architecture I: Master in Architecture I (MArch I), Professional Degree:
The program leading to the Master in Architecture as an accredited professional degree is intended for individuals who have completed the bachelor's degree with a major other than one...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Architecture II

Harvard University First-Professional degree Architecture II: Master in Architecture II (MArch II), Postprofessional Degree:
The program leading to the Master in Architecture as a postprofessional degree is intended for individuals who have completed a five-year undergraduate professional program in...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Biotechnology

The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Biotechnology helps individuals who have been working in biotechnology enhance their science backgrounds and obtain project management skills. There are two tracks: the biology track, designed for people with undergraduate degrees in science and experience in biotechnology...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Educational Technologies

Candidates in the Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Educational Technologies Program explore ways technological advances can be effectively integrated into learning environments. Because the extent to which students can benefit from new media and technologies depends on the skill and vision of teachers...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Environmental Management

The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Environmental Management offers a comprehensive, academically challenging graduate program for students with an undergraduate degree or professional experience in the environmental field. Expert faculty members, many from the Harvard School of Public Health, share...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is an exciting field that has profoundly transformed organizations and institutions over the past 50 years, creating global economies that are increasingly based on the creation, processing, and dissemination of information through hardware, software, and communication technologies....

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Journalism

The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Journalism provides training and experience for students who wish to pursue careers in print journalism. The required core courses give students a solid foundation in news and feature writing, and in the ethics of the profession. Journalism electives help students...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Landscape Architecture I

The Master in Landscape Architecture professional degree is an accredited program for individuals without previous professional degrees in the field. The program prepares individuals for the full range of activities involved in the practice of landscape architecture. The curriculum is comprehensive and...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Landscape Architecture II

Harvard University First-Professional degree Landscape Architecture II: Master in Landscape Architecture II (MLA II), Postprofessional Degree:
The program leading to the Master in Landscape Architecture as a postprofessional degree is intended for individuals who have completed an undergraduate professional...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Law

Harvard Law School provides unmatched opportunities to study law and related disciplines in a rigorous, collaborative environment. Harvard’s remarkable scope generates enormous vitality - an unparalleled breadth and depth of courses and clinics, a wide array of research programs, a diverse student...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Management

The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Management is a general management program consisting of 12 courses (48 credits). It is designed for students who wish to deepen their understanding of the major fields of management and also concentrate in an area of professional interest. Students pursuing the ALM...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Mathematics for Teaching

The best mathematics teachers combine a passion for teaching with a thorough knowledge of mathematics. The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Mathematics for Teaching Program helps students work on both aspects of this equation. Courses challenge teachers to explore mathematics in new ways. As master’s...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Museum Studies

Harvard Extension School, the largest continuing education program at Harvard University, offers numerous paths to personal enrichment and professional development. Our classes are open to students with various backgrounds and academic experience; the only general requirement is a commitment to one’s...

Harvard University
First-Professional degree
Urban Planning

Harvard University First-Professional degree Urban Planning: Urban planners play a central role in fostering a productive, sustainable, and equitable built environment. The built environment encompasses private and public buildings, transportation and other infrastructure, and public spaces, all arrayed...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Applied Mathematics

Applied mathematics focuses on the creation and study of mathematical and computational tools broadly applicable in science and engineering, and on their use in solving challenging problems in these and related fields.

From ecological modeling to electromagnetic theory, from robotics to meteorology,...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Applied Physics

The frontier of high-energy physics is "the even smaller" and that of astrophysics is "the ever larger." Applied Physics, of which the study of condensed matter is a large part, has its own frontier, "the ever more complex," covering the interfaces of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. The...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Architecture in Urban Design

The two-year Master of Architecture in Urban Design degree program enables architects to address the larger scale of urban problems through formal techniques and application of knowledge from complementary areas of expertise such as real estate, law, and the history of urbanism.

The Department of Urban...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Bioengineering

The application of engineering principles and techniques to address problems in biology and medicine has resulted in a number of important contributions to healthcare and scientific discovery.

Work in this area includes understanding aspects of biological function at various levels (examples include...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Biostatistics

Biostatistics involves the theory and application of statistical science to analyze public health problems and to further biomedical research.

The faculty includes leaders in the development of statistical methods for clinical trials and observational studies, studies on the environment, and genomics/genetics....

Harvard University
Master's degree
Business Administraion

Harvard Business School's MBA Program is a truly distinctive academic experience. Our general management focus offers students holistic exposure to business disciplines, empowering them with versatile skills to succeed at many levels. Opportunities abound for students to explore a variety of offerings,...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Comparative Literature

The Department of Comparative Literature undertakes to promote and facilitate studies in the history, theory, and criticism of literature extending beyond the limits set by national and linguistic boundaries. The work of the department is designed to provide for the needs of students who wish to pursue...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Computer Science

Computation has become a critical bridge for the sciences. While the need for developing fundamental technologies remains, a new challenge for the next century is weaving technology into the fabric of society in helpful ways. The internet, for example, has improved everyday life, but it has also introduced...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Design Studies
History and Theory

This area of study provides course content for scholarly study, as distinct from project design. Like the other areas of the MDesS program, it is intentionally interdisciplinary both within the GDS and with other schools and institutes within the University. Topics covered focus on the history and theory...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Design Studies
Real Estate and Project Management

The Real Estate and Project management area addresses professionals who want to pursue further studies on business issues related to the building industry, starting from conceiving the buildings, to the planning and managing of design and construction, to operating the buildings. Most courses address...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Design Studies
Technology and Design

This study area positions technology as an enabler of design and as a tool to broaden design inquiry, and highlights emerging fields and innovations impacting design research and the practice of design. Five specific areas of design technology and innovation are covered in these courses.

-Advanced...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Design Studies
Urbanization and Housing

The basic elements of urban place – buildings, land and people – are both philosophically and actually interdependent for their wellbeing and development. Accordingly, in this area of study each topic is investigated in relation to the others. The making of urban place, the factors that make...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Divinity

The learned ministers we seek to educate are ministers who know how to learn in a variety of contexts. They know how to let the knowledge produced in one setting (a classroom, for example, or a congregation) interpret, deepen, and critique the knowledge produced in another. They have experienced intellectual...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Earth and Planetary Sciences

Understanding our planet will be a fundamental challenge for the scientific community over the next century. Almost every practical aspect of society, population, environment, economics, and politics is and will be increasingly impacted by our relationship with the Earth.

Facing these challenges requires...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Arts in Education

The Arts in Education (AIE) Program at Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is intended for self-directed individuals who are interested in fashioning their own arts-related courses of study. AIE students pursue their diverse interests in a one-year Master's program embedded in a broad-based school...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Education Policy and Management

The Education Policy and Management (EPM) master's program seeks to develop effective leaders by providing an atmosphere that promotes the understanding of diverse viewpoints from a wide range of disciplines. The program allows for great flexibility so that students may be exposed to a variety of topics...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Higher Education

The Higher Education Program (HEP) is designed for master's degree students interested in higher education administration in a college or university or in policy and planning at a higher education association or agency. Higher education courses examine the policies, practices, and issues of contemporary...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Human Development and Psychology

The Human Development and Psychology (HDP) Program is designed for students interested in the development of children and adults and how knowledge of development can be applied to educational issues. The purpose of the program is to introduce practitioners and future researchers to theory and research...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
International Education Policy

Our extraordinarily challenging and complex times call for new leadership in education worldwide. Most of the opportunities for economic and cultural exchanges made possible by new telecommunication technologies and by the emergence of global institutions are yet to be created. These are opportunities...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Language and Literacy

Grounded in the belief that language and literacy skills significantly influence every aspect of an individual's life, our work focuses on the variety of factors that influence the development of language and literacy skills across the life span, with particular emphasis on improving instruction, research...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Learning and Teaching

Students in the L&T program share a range of interests including: students and adults as learners, the preparation and professional work of teachers, the organization of schools, and the role of communities in learning. The program's core course and liberal requirements provide flexibility to accommodate...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Mind, Brain, and Education

The master's program in Mind, Brain, and Education is designed for students interested in connecting cognition, neuroscience, and educational practice, especially involving learning, teaching, and cognitive and emotional development. This intersection of biology and cognitive science with pedagogy has...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Risk and Prevention

The Risk and Prevention (R&P) is dedicated to the practical application of cutting-edge research on risk, resilience, and prevention programming for children and adolescents in both school and community settings. Students choose from a range of interdisciplinary courses that address the prevention of...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
School Leadership

School Leadership Program is designed to educate a new cadre of instructional leaders who will have the capacity, skills, and knowledge to create and sustain environments in K-12 schools and other educational settings that foster the learning and well-being of all children. Students in this program will...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Specialized program

We created the Specialized program for those students who have interests that fall outside the bounds of our targeted programs. Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) and the Harvard community have enormous educational riches to offer and this program is for those students who cannot meet their...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Teacher Education

The Harvard Graduate School of Education's Teacher Education Program (TEP)prepares individuals to become middle or secondary school classroom teachers in urban settings. This intensive eleven-month masters program combines classwork and fieldwork to bring together theory and practice. The Program leads...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Education
Technology, Innovation, and Education

The Technology, Innovation, and Education (TIE) program prepares students to contribute to the thoughtful design, implementation, and assessment of technology-enhanced educational innovations. Graduates of the program go on to careers in varied fields, including development of educational media, leadership...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering (EE) covers a range of research areas from devices to systems. The emphasis on practice infused with fundamental science and mathematics offers ample research opportunities, both theoretical and experimental, at the forefront of the field and its interdisciplinary applications....

Harvard University
Master's degree
English and American Literature and Language

The graduate program in English leads to the degrees of both Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy. The AM is an integral part of the doctoral program, and therefore only students who intend to proceed to the PhD are eligible for admission to the graduate program in English.

The program normally takes...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Environmental Health
Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk

The mission of the concentration in exposure, epidemiology, and risk is the investigation and mitigation of health risks associated with environmental and occupational hazards. The concentration addresses these environmental challenges to our society through an interdisciplinary approach. This involves...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Environmental Health
Occupational Health

This concentration is designed to train occupational health and safety professionals to recognize and prevent occupational disease and injuries. Faculty members carry out research spanning a wide range of occupational health problems, with the broad objective of identifying and contributing to the reduction...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Environmental Science and Engineering

Over the next several decades, virtually every society in the world will confront environmental challenges. According to the world’s leading ecologist, Harvard's E. O. Wilson, this is the "century of the environment," as we are forced to tackle issues ranging from regional air and water pollution...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Epidemiology

Epidemiology, the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in humans, is a fundamental science of public health. Epidemiologists use many approaches, but the ultimate aim of epidemiologic research is the prevention or effective control of human disease.

The master's programs...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Forest Science

Graduates of forestry schools or of colleges of liberal arts, and others who have had equivalent training in plant sciences, may be admitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to work toward the MFS degree. The program is designed primarily to train students for research in aspects of forest...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Germanic Language and Literature

Study for higher degrees in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures (this designation was instituted in 1897) is intended as preparation for a career in teaching and research. The emphasis is on literature and cultural studies rather than on the language itself. However, Germanic philology...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Government

The Department of Government is one of the leading political science communities in the United States. Our faculty represent a broad spectrum of backgrounds, methodologies and approaches. We have strength in teaching and research not only in the four fields of political science—American politics,...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Health and Social Behavior

This professional master's program prepares students for work in a variety of community, public, and private settings with a focus on program design, public policy supervision, and evaluation; and for work as members of research teams. One recent graduate is serving as the evaluator on a violence prevention...

Harvard University
Master's degree
History of Science

In the history of science program the methods of historical research are employed to explore the genesis and evolution of the sciences and to analyze the growth of science as part of the intellectual and social experience of humankind. Science is its subject and history its method. To pursue advanced...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Italian

The program leading to the A.M. in Italian is administered by three full-time teachers of literature, from Middle Ages and Dante to Pirandello, Italian cinema and women writers, and by one full-time specialist in the professional formation of students as teachers of language and civilization.

While...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Landscape Architecture in Urban Design

The two-year Master of Landscape Architecture in Urban Design degree program enables landscape architects to address the larger scale of urban problems through formal techniques and application of knowledge from complementary areas of expertise such as real estate, law, and the history of urbanism. ...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Laws

To be considered for the LL.M. Program, an applicant must have a J.D. (Juris Doctor) from an accredited U.S. law school or a first law degree (J.D., LL.B. or the equivalent) from a foreign law school. Harvard Law School is rarely able to accept into its LL.M. Program anyone who already holds or is pursuing...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Mathematics

The graduate mathematics program at Harvard is designed for students who hope to become research mathematicians and show definite promise in this direction. Once the student has demonstrated a command of basic mathematical concepts by passing the qualifying examination, the emphasis is on getting to...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering research ranges from fundamental work in solid and fluid mechanics to diverse studies in materials, mechanical systems, and biomechanics.

A key areas of investigation includes investigating the mechanics of materials, structures, and geophysical and biological systems involved...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Medical Sciences
Oral Biology

This program is directed toward the development of clinician-scholars whose career goals involve clinical teaching, research and patient care. Students satisfy didactic and clinical specialty certificate requirements, and have additional course requirements distributed among Oral Biology, Biostatistics,...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Middle East Regional Studies

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) was established in 1954 for the purpose of supporting research and teaching in the languages, literatures, history, governments, economics, and cultures of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia, with the emphasis on the modern period. At...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Museum Studies

Today’s dynamic museums make unique contributions to our society. Whether housing master works of art or endangered animals in a zoo, museums help preserve the past, define the present, and educate for the future. The Master of Liberal Arts (ALM) in Museum Studies gives students the opportunity...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Music
Performance Practice

The AM in Performance Practice is a two-year program in which students take departmental courses focused on this specialty and write an AM thesis. Students wishing to continue at Harvard for the PhD will apply in the normal manner, and their applications will be considered in the customary way. Students...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Akkadian and Sumerian Studies

Students in this field focus on Akkadian and/or Sumerian languages, literature, and history. Applicants are normally expected to have studied at least one Semitic language at the time of application. Course work is aimed at providing a solid linguistic and historical basis for advanced study of ancient...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Arabic and Islamic Studies

Arabic and Islamic studies emphasize the "classical" medieval period and attempt to give an integral view of Islamic culture in premodern times. Within this general framework the student will normally focus on one of the following fields: Arabic language and literature, Islamic religion, intellectual...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Archaeology of the Levant

Students will study the archaeology of the Levant from earliest times through late antiquity. Emphasis will focus on the material culture of various periods and the applicability of archaeological evidence to the reconstruction of the history of the ancient Near East. Students will be expected to become...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Armenian Studies

Armenian can be pursued as an independent field, though it is generally recommended that specialists also acquire competence in another subject as well, such as Iranian Studies, Indo-European Linguistics, Comparative Religion, Art History, or Islamic (especially Turkic) Studies. The offerings in the...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

The program of study in the Hebrew Bible is itself subdivided into different specializations, in recognition of the fact that students generally wish to define their interest in Bible in terms of various related disciplines and fields. Students are thus asked to choose among the following paths of specialization:...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Indo-Muslim Culture

Indo-Muslim study deals with the culture and literature of the Muslims in the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent and offers courses in Urdu, Sindhi, Gujarati, the history of Islam in the subcontinent, Islamic literatures of Indo-Pakistan, and readings of Arabic and Persian texts concerning the area, as well...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Iranian and Persian Studies

This field has two programs. The Persian program covers New Persian language and literature and Islamic studies. For entry into this program, some undergraduate work in Arabic and in the history and culture of the Islamic world are recommended. The Iranian program primarily covers the pre-Islamic Iranian...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Jewish Studies

The program in Jewish studies focuses on the history and literature of the Jewish people from late antiquity to modern times. While students generally choose to focus their interests chronologically, with the bulk of recent graduates having specialized in medieval, early modern, and modern periods, the...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Semitic Philology

A candidate in this field studies the comparative and historical grammar of the Semitic languages. Prerequisites for admission to the program are competence in one Semitic language and some training in either linguistics or another Semitic language. Course work is aimed at bringing the student's knowledge...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Turkish Studies

The program of study in Turkology is subdivided into four main fields: 1) Comparative Turkology — Old Turkic, Ottoman, and three of the new Turkic languages, including Chagatai (Mongolian may also be considered). 2) Central Asian philology — Old Turkic, Old Uighur, Sogdian and/or Sanskrit....

Harvard University
Master's degree
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Yiddish Language and Literature

The program in Yiddish specializes in modern Yiddish literature and cultural history, with additional offerings in literature of the premodern period. Reading knowledge of Hebrew as well as Yiddish is normally a prerequisite for admission. Through a rotating series of courses, students will be exposed...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Philosophy

The department's graduate program is essentially a PhD program. Because the principal employment for men and women with advanced training in philosophy is in college teaching requiring the PhD, the department ordinarily does not admit applicants who wish to study only for the master's (AM) degree. The...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Physics

The AM degree is frequently taken by students who continue on for their PhD. For those who do not attain the doctorate, the AM degree attests to the completion of a full year’s study beyond the AB.

Eight half-courses of suitable depth and breadth are required for the AM degree. At least four of...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Population and International Health

The Department of Population and International Health seeks to improve global health through education, research, and service from a populationbased perspective.

The twenty-first century has arrived with complex changes in demographic patterns, disease burdens, and health policies. These changes are...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Public Administration

The Two-Year Master In Public Administration (MPA2) is an intensive two-year program designed to prepare its graduates for positions of significant responsibility in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors. The program's curriculum is flexible and lends itself to individual tailoring with guidance...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Public Administration
International Development

The School of Government's newest degree program, the MPA in International Development (MPA/ID), is designed to prepare the next generation of leaders in international development. It is an economics-centered, multi-disciplinary program, combining rigorous training in analytical and quantitative methods...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Public Health
Society,Human Development, and Health

The 80-credit, professional SM program prepares students for a variety of positions in community, public, and private settings. These roles include the design, management, and evaluation of programs, particularly health promotion and disease prevention programs, health communication programs, and those...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Regional Studies
East Asia

The RSEA master's degree course is a flexible program designed to accommodate a wide range of interests and needs for graduate training in the languages and societies of the nations of East Asia that share the traditional Chinese cultural heritage. Although most students in RSEA concentrate their efforts...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Regional Studies
Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

We believe that when we integrate various academic disciplines, we gain insights into society and culture that are not possible within a single discipline. Our Master’s Program in Regional Studies was established in 1948 to embody this belief. Since that time, over 550 alumni have pursued careers...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Social Anthropology
Medical Anthropology

The Department of Anthropology at Harvard University offers a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology, with a special emphasis on Medical Anthropology. Students are regular members of the graduate program in social anthropology, and all requirements for the Ph.D. in anthropology pertain to those specializing in...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Statistics

The Department of Statistics welcomes applicants for the terminal AM degree. Typical AM candidates are PhD candidates in another field at Harvard for whom a statistics minor is appropriate, well-prepared undergraduates eligible for the AB/AM program, and candidates with appropriate mathematics backgrounds...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Theological Studies

The master of theological studies (MTS) program enables students to explore deeply and broadly the languages, literatures, thought, institutions, practices, normative claims, and structures of a variety of religious traditions. It also enables them to think critically, with sophistication and self-awareness,...

Harvard University
Master's degree
Urban Planning

The accredited two-year Master in Urban Planning degree program focuses on planning for the development, preservation, and enhancement of the built environment. Students are taught how to understand, analyze, and influence the variety of forces—social, economic, cultural, legal, political, ecological,...

 

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